{"id":31746,"date":"2026-07-24T23:59:58","date_gmt":"2026-07-24T23:59:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/healthcareethicscourses.com\/can\/?page_id=31746"},"modified":"2026-07-25T01:26:16","modified_gmt":"2026-07-25T01:26:16","slug":"what-happens-during-a-cpbao-investigation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/healthcareethicscourses.com\/can\/what-happens-during-a-cpbao-investigation\/","title":{"rendered":"What Happens During a CPBAO Investigation?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"31746\" class=\"elementor elementor-31746\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13e7abf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"13e7abf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da871c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"da871c9\" 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p{margin:2px 0 16px;color:var(--ink);font-size:15.5px;}\r\n.hec-canart .disc{font-size:13px;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.55;border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:22px;margin-top:36px;}\r\n@media(max-width:640px){.hec-canart{font-size:16px;}.hec-canart h1{font-size:1.72rem;}.hec-canart .cardgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<article class=\"hec-canart\">\r\n<nav class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/healthcareethicscourses.com\/can\/knowledge-support\/\">Knowledge &amp; Support<\/a> \/ Psychologists &mdash; Ontario \/ What Happens During a CPBAO Investigation?<\/nav>\r\n<p class=\"eyebrow\">Ontario &middot; College of Psychologists and Behaviour Analysts of Ontario<\/p>\r\n<h1>What Happens During a CPBAO Investigation?<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"meta\"><b>9 min read<\/b><span>Last updated July 15, 2026<\/span><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"lede\">Not every CPBAO investigation begins with a client. There are two distinct routes into one, and the difference between them matters more than most registrants realise &mdash; because it decides whether you will have any right of review at the end. Knowing which route you are on tells you how to plan.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"callout\"><strong>Cooperate &mdash; but get advice first.<\/strong> You have a genuine duty to cooperate with a College investigation, and disclosing client records to the College is lawful even without client consent. But how you cooperate still matters. Speak to your professional liability insurer or a regulatory lawyer before you produce documents or answer questions in writing.<\/div>\r\n<h2>Two ways an investigation starts<\/h2>\r\n<p>The first route is a public complaint. Someone complains, the College investigates, and the file ends with an ICRC decision that can be reviewed by HPARB. The second route is a Registrar&rsquo;s investigation under section 75 of the Procedural Code. Here there is no complainant &mdash; the Registrar has reasonable grounds to believe a member may have committed misconduct or be incompetent, often from information that reaches the College some other way, and appoints an investigator. The powers are broader, and the outcome cannot be taken to HPARB. It can only be challenged by judicial review.<\/p>\r\n<p>You will usually be told which kind of investigation you are facing. If you are not sure, ask the case manager. It changes what is at stake and what your options are at the end.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>The investigator&rsquo;s powers and your duty to cooperate<\/h2>\r\n<p>An appointed investigator can require the production of records and can ask you to answer questions. Registrants have a duty to cooperate, and failing to cooperate &mdash; or obstructing the investigation &mdash; is itself a matter the College takes seriously. That does not mean you should respond off the cuff. Cooperation and careful preparation are not in tension: you can be fully compliant while still taking proper advice on how to frame written answers and which documents are responsive to what has actually been asked.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Your records and PHIPA<\/h2>\r\n<p>Psychologists worry, understandably, about handing client files to the College. The law is clear: the Personal Health Information Protection Act, 2004 permits disclosure of personal health information to the College without client consent for the purpose of an investigation. Producing the chart when the College requires it is not a breach of confidentiality &mdash; it is a lawful disclosure. Withholding records to &ldquo;protect&rdquo; a client is not an option and will worsen your position.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>What the investigator is actually looking for<\/h2>\r\n<p>Investigations in psychology tend to concentrate on a recognisable set of issues: the adequacy and timeliness of your records; whether informed consent was properly obtained and documented; boundary and dual-relationship questions; the limits of your scope and competence; supervision arrangements where services were delegated; and whether your conduct met the Standards of Professional Conduct. The investigator gathers the evidence; the ICRC panel decides. Anticipating which standard is engaged lets you address it directly rather than defensively.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Interim orders while the investigation runs<\/h2>\r\n<p>If, during the investigation, the ICRC concludes that the alleged conduct exposes or is likely to expose clients to harm, it can make an interim order restricting or suspending your certificate of registration before any final decision. This is a risk-management step, not a finding. Because it can affect your ability to practise immediately, it is the moment at which legal representation is most valuable.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>How an investigation ends<\/h2>\r\n<p>When the investigation is complete, the file goes back to an ICRC panel, which considers it on the paper record and disposes of it: no further action, advice, a written or oral caution, a SCERP, an undertaking, or a referral to the Discipline Committee for the most serious allegations. The legislation sets a 150-day target for completion, though complex files often take longer. Recordkeeping problems surfaced along the way can become findings in their own right, even if the original trigger was something else.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Your review rights depend on the route<\/h2>\r\n<p>This is where the two routes diverge. If the investigation began as a complaint, the ICRC&rsquo;s decision can go to HPARB within 30 days, which reviews the adequacy of the investigation and the reasonableness of the decision. If it began as a Registrar&rsquo;s investigation, there is no HPARB review &mdash; judicial review is the only route. And if the matter is referred to the Discipline Committee, the appropriate forum becomes the hearing itself, where the allegations are tested under oath. Knowing at the outset which route you are on lets you plan for the right endpoint.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"kt\"><h2>Key takeaways<\/h2><ul>\r\n<li>A CPBAO investigation can begin with a public complaint or with a Registrar&rsquo;s investigation under s.75.<\/li>\r\n<li>The route matters: complaint decisions can go to HPARB; Registrar&rsquo;s investigations can only be judicially reviewed.<\/li>\r\n<li>You have a duty to cooperate, but you can still take advice before producing records or answering in writing.<\/li>\r\n<li>PHIPA permits disclosure of client records to the College without consent for an investigation.<\/li>\r\n<li>Investigations focus on records, consent, boundaries, scope and supervision against the Standards of Professional Conduct.<\/li>\r\n<li>An interim order can restrict your certificate of registration during the investigation, before any finding.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul><\/section>\r\n<section class=\"courses\"><h2>Related courses<\/h2><div class=\"cardgrid\">\r\n<a class=\"ccard\" href=\"https:\/\/healthcareethicscourses.com\/can\/courses\/dealing-with-a-complaint-or-investigation-professionally\/\"><span class=\"cn\">Dealing With a Complaint or Investigation Professionally<\/span><span class=\"cd\">How to engage with a College complaint or investigation calmly, constructively and on the record.<\/span><span class=\"cgo\">View course &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n<a class=\"ccard\" href=\"https:\/\/healthcareethicscourses.com\/can\/courses\/confidentiality-in-healthcare-practice\/\"><span class=\"cn\">Confidentiality in Healthcare Practice<\/span><span class=\"cd\">Handling client information and disclosures to the College lawfully under PHIPA.<\/span><span class=\"cgo\">View course &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n<a class=\"ccard\" href=\"https:\/\/healthcareethicscourses.com\/can\/courses\/documentation-for-healthcare-professionals\/\"><span class=\"cn\">Documentation for Healthcare Professionals<\/span><span class=\"cd\">Record-keeping standards &mdash; inadequate records are an independent act of professional misconduct.<\/span><span class=\"cgo\">View course &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n<a class=\"ccard\" href=\"https:\/\/healthcareethicscourses.com\/can\/courses\/professional-boundaries-course\/\"><span class=\"cn\">Professional Boundaries<\/span><span class=\"cd\">Maintaining therapeutic boundaries &mdash; one of the most common triggers for a psychology investigation.<\/span><span class=\"cgo\">View course &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n<\/div><\/section>\r\n<section class=\"nextset\"><h2>Continue reading<\/h2>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/healthcareethicscourses.com\/can\/remediation-and-reflection-for-ontario-psychologists\">Remediation and reflection for Ontario psychologists<\/a>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/healthcareethicscourses.com\/can\/how-to-respond-to-a-cpbao-complaint\">How to respond to a CPBAO complaint<\/a>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"faq\"><h2>Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\r\n<details><summary>What is the difference between a complaint and a Registrar&rsquo;s investigation?<\/summary><p>A complaint has a complainant and ends in an ICRC decision that HPARB can review. A Registrar&rsquo;s investigation under section 75 has no complainant, carries broader investigative powers, and its outcome can only be challenged by judicial review, not by HPARB.<\/p><\/details>\r\n<details><summary>Do I have to hand over my client records?<\/summary><p>Yes. The Personal Health Information Protection Act, 2004 permits disclosure of personal health information to the College for an investigation without client consent. Producing records the College requires is a lawful disclosure, not a breach of confidentiality.<\/p><\/details>\r\n<details><summary>Can I be disciplined just for not cooperating?<\/summary><p>Failing to cooperate with or obstructing a College investigation is a matter the College treats seriously and can pursue in its own right. Cooperate fully &mdash; but take advice on how to frame written responses and which documents are actually responsive.<\/p><\/details>\r\n<details><summary>Will I know who is investigating me and why?<\/summary><p>You will normally be told the nature of the investigation and the concerns being examined, and you will have a case manager as your point of contact. If the basis is unclear, ask &mdash; you are entitled to understand what is being looked at.<\/p><\/details>\r\n<details><summary>Can I keep practising during the investigation?<\/summary><p>Usually yes, unless the ICRC makes an interim order. An interim order can impose terms, conditions or limitations on your certificate of registration, or suspend it, where the alleged conduct may expose clients to harm.<\/p><\/details>\r\n<details><summary>How long does an investigation take?<\/summary><p>The legislation sets a 150-day target, but complex matters commonly run longer. Your case manager can give you a realistic estimate for your particular file.<\/p><\/details>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p class=\"disc\">This guide is general information about the College of Psychologists and Behaviour Analysts of Ontario (CPBAO) complaints, investigation and remediation process. It is not legal advice and does not create a professional relationship. For advice on your own situation, contact your professional liability insurer or a lawyer who practises regulatory or health law. Last updated July 15, 2026.<\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@graph\": [\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Article\",\r\n      \"headline\": \"What Happens During a CPBAO Investigation?\",\r\n      \"description\": \"What happens during a CPBAO investigation: the two routes in, the investigator\u2019s powers, your duty to cooperate, PHIPA disclosure, interim orders, and how your review rights depend on the route.\",\r\n      \"inLanguage\": \"en-CA\",\r\n      \"datePublished\": \"2026-07-15\",\r\n      \"dateModified\": \"2026-07-15\",\r\n      \"author\": {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Person\",\r\n        \"name\": \"Dr Shehzad Iqbal\"\r\n      },\r\n      \"publisher\": {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Organization\",\r\n        \"name\": \"Healthcare Ethics Courses\",\r\n        \"url\": \"https:\/\/healthcareethicscourses.com\/can\/\"\r\n      },\r\n      \"mainEntityOfPage\": \"https:\/\/healthcareethicscourses.com\/can\/knowledge-support\/psychologists\/ontario\/investigation\/\",\r\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/healthcareethicscourses.com\/can\/knowledge-support\/psychologists\/ontario\/investigation\/\",\r\n      \"about\": \"The CPBAO investigation process for Ontario psychologists\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\r\n      \"itemListElement\": [\r\n        {\r\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\r\n          \"position\": 1,\r\n          \"name\": \"Knowledge & Support\",\r\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/healthcareethicscourses.com\/can\/knowledge-support\/\"\r\n        },\r\n        {\r\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\r\n          \"position\": 2,\r\n          \"name\": \"Psychologists \u2014 Ontario\"\r\n        },\r\n        {\r\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\r\n          \"position\": 3,\r\n          \"name\": \"What Happens During a CPBAO Investigation?\",\r\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/healthcareethicscourses.com\/can\/knowledge-support\/psychologists\/ontario\/investigation\/\"\r\n        }\r\n      ]\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\r\n      \"mainEntity\": [\r\n        {\r\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n          \"name\": \"What is the difference between a complaint and a Registrar\u2019s investigation?\",\r\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n            \"text\": \"A complaint has a complainant and ends in an ICRC decision that HPARB can review. 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